Luca T @QuiteLT

New paper out 👇 We tested how cadence and intensity affect VO₂ and muscle oxygenation. Exercise Intensity but Not Cadence Affects the Dynamics of Muscle Oxygenation and Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake at the Onset of Exercise in Trained Cyclists doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.…

@faustocoppi60 Vehicles will pass beyond the avalanche zone one at a time. The awards ceremony will be held in Sestriere (per Bellino of RCS).

Limited reproducibility of individual physiological adaptations to repeated endurance exercise training | Journal of Applied Physiology | American Physiological Society journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.115…

Oral carbohydrate sensing enhances prefrontal cortex oxygenation, reduces perceived exertion, and improves high-intensity cycling performance: A randomized crossover trial journals.plos.org/plosone/articl…

Low carbohydrate availability reduces power output at the moderate-to-heavy transition, impairs efficiency, and increases median power frequency during cycling in females link.springer.com/article/10.100…

Cyclists are advised to use heart rate and RPE with FTP-derived training zones for demarcating exercise intensity. FTP alone seems to underestimate the physiological and psychological demands at workloads ≥85% of FTP. tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10…

Andrew, thanks for the thoughtful reply. Some real common ground first. Training is the dominant signal. Genetics and mindset sit alongside it. Nutrition is the smallest of the three levers in determining who reaches the top, and for the vast majority of recreational athletes, day-to-day performance is more limited by sleep, training consistency and life stress than by macronutrient ratio. Individual variability matters. Some athletes do well on either approach, and the field has rightly moved away from one-size-fits-all prescriptions. All of that is real. Where I would push back, in the same spirit: 1/ The "no difference at greater than 4 weeks" framing has a load-bearing assumption baked in. Most longer studies in moderately trained athletes use capacity tests at submaximal intensities where fat oxidation can carry the load. Time to exhaustion at 70 percent VO2max, Wingate, treadmill tests with metabolic carts. These are not race performance at race intensity. The Burke race walker studies test exactly that, and they show impairment at 3-3.5 weeks. You hypothesize that longer adaptation would reverse it. That is reasonable, but it is a hypothesis, not a finding. The study that would settle it (elite athletes, race-pace testing, greater than 4 weeks of adaptation) does not yet exist. Until it does, the impairment finding stands, and the longer-adaptation rescue is speculative. How would you propose that longer “adaptation” makes up for a real energy difference, other than saying, we think it happens? 2/ The "elite is 0.0001 percent" point is fair, but cuts both ways. The reason elite data matter mechanistically is that the ATP-yield-per-litre-O2 deficit from fat (5 to 7 percent, Krogh and Lindhard 1920) is invisible at 50 percent VO2max but becomes binding at 80 to 85 percent. Most recreational athletes never get there, so they show no difference. That is consistent with the biochemistry, not contrary to it. The elite data are the diagnostic test, not a special-pleading edge case. If you want to talk recreational athletes, then performance becomes something entirely different. 3/ The brain-energy-metabolite hypothesis is interesting and worth testing properly. But Whitfield et al. (2021) MSSE 53:776 already added exogenous ketone esters on top of LCHF in elite race walkers to test exactly this. Performance got worse, not better. If circulating non-glucose brain fuels rescued elite race performance, that should have gone the other way. Until there is a confirmatory dataset, it remains an attractive mechanism, but without data to back the prediction. 4/ The newest evidence worth folding in is Gawełczyk et al, Nutrients 2026 (DOI 10.3390/nu18101589). Systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 anaerobic-performance studies. Repeated sprint ability was impaired on LCHF (d = −0.33). Blood lactate suppressed (d = −0.89). The authors are explicit that the lower lactate reflects reduced glycolytic flux, not metabolic adaptation. This is the modern peer-reviewed synthesis, in the same journal that published Tim's 2022 narrative review. The question of whether glycolytic capacity is preserved on LCHF has been answered, and the answer is no. 5/ One genuine point of disagreement on the protein analogy: training is the dominant signal, but the dose-response data on protein and training adaptation are substantial. I remember EB. You were generous with your time as a grad student then, and you have been measured and civil throughout this exchange, which is more than the discourse usually offers. The carb question is one we can all keep arguing about with evidence and without heat. But, if you really want to do this and to do it right, then you and I know who you should be talking with, and it's not me, is it?

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Coaches and athletes: Your data is time series data. Time series are numeric data NOT language data and need numeric handling. ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini are Large Language Models … NOT … Large Time Series Models.

ATHLETES, COACHES, NUTRITIONISTS & PHYSIOLOGISTS🏃🚴‍♀️🧪 Our latest paper is out in The Journal of Physiology: physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/JP… - Comparing glucose & glucose–fructose fuelling during running at altitude The sort of altitude used for training camps - 2500m A brief🧵 1/

No duration of adaptation will change a fundamental biochemical pathway. If you need to race sustained high intensities near critical power/speed, it makes sense to invest in the most economical fuel source. Not so critical at lower speeds where you can compensate by exercising at a higher relative oxygen cost. Your case study of supplying CHO to a ketoadapted triathlete showed exactly that - improved TT performance of a 20 km TT but not 100 km - which you suggested was due to the “superior fuel for high intensity muscle metabolism”

@LoreofRunning @LoreofRunning1

3 weeks ago

@LouiseMBurke Surely you would ask yourself: Well maybe there needs to be a longer adaptation period before I can draw that conclusion. Because when athletes adapt for 4-6 weeks to low-carb diets, differences in performance that you measured (accurately and expertly) disappear (see our debate)

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These aren’t the highest rates of fat oxidation ever measured in a human - elite racewalkers who adapted to a keto diet for 6 days or 3.5 weeks showed higher rates - some at 2 g/min. But they raced at a slower speed when asked to perform in a real life race. You can’t outrun the stoichiometry of fuel production. Carbs produce more ATP per litre of oxygen than fat.

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Vinnie Tortorich @VinnieTortorich

3 weeks ago

A study put elite athletes who burned almost no carbs on a treadmill. They recorded the highest fat-burning rate ever measured in a human. The FASTER study. 2016. Published in Metabolism. Twenty of the best ultra-endurance athletes on earth. Ultramarathoners. Ironman

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Do different types of exercise have different effects on Mitochondrial Quality Control? bit.ly/49ixBi9

Our latest paper is out! journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/abst…

Hypoxia 🗻and Heat 🔥shared molecular pathways, notably HIF1a and HSP but differ in many aspects; e.g. induction modalities, monitoring methods, physiological strain and intra- or inter-individual variability. Yohan Rousse @BrocherieF @SportsMedicineJ shorturl.at/YNQsE

To be an "expert " takes decades of learning from others, hard work, sacrifice, mistakes, then realizing there's still a lot to learn.

Skeletal muscle shape influences joint torque exertion through the mechanical advantages journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.11…

🚨New paper in @SportsMedicineJ “35 Years of Joyner’s Endurance Performance Model” We assessed how physiological determinants contribute to endurance performance in 888 runners & cyclists Led by @LoisMougin (co-first author) 📄Open access 🔗link.springer.com/article/10.100… 1/14

Exercise Timing in Sport: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms Linking Performance, Recovery, and Biological Cost scholar.google.co.uk/scholar_url?ur…

First paper from Timi Malinen’s dissertation on physiological resilience: after ~2h15 of running, changes in max treadmill speed were reliable, whereas changes in VTs and VO₂max were less reliable. The impact of fatigue protocol needs more research! onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ej…